doillegalsvote.comUpdated October 24, 2026 · Every number links to its source

The question

How many people living here illegally have been caught voting?

26

people living here illegally, proven to have voted

  • Since 2000

    26 years and 13 federal elections

  • 1.5 billion+

    ballots cast in those elections

  • 58 million

    ballots for every proven case

  • 43 million

    ballots for each of the 21 who voted in 2012 or later

At least 26. Not 26 thousand.

Who's in the 26: both tests must be true

How the other cases are counted

  1. Here illegally

    A court record or the prosecutor shows they had no legal status when they voted: they crossed illegally, overstayed a visa, lived under someone else's identity, or had been ordered removed. Green card holders and other legal residents are not counted.

  2. Proven to have voted

    A conviction for voting, a guilty plea or signed statement admitting it, or a court's finding that they cast a ballot. Registering isn't voting, a charge isn't proof, and neither is the label a database gives a case.

The answer, in four numbers

Where the 26 come from

12 are in the Heritage Foundation's own election fraud database. The other 14 are federal cases it doesn't include.

12 in Heritage's database

14 federal cases it lacks

Source: court records · Heritage Foundation · conservative source

Why “at least 26”

Heritage built its database “to demonstrate the vulnerabilities in the election system.” It files more cases as noncitizen voting, but in the rest the person was here legally, or the record shows only a registration, a charge or a different crime, not a vote. For three of the 12, Heritage's summary leaves out what the court record shows: an illegal entry, a deportation order and an overstay.

Heritage calls its database a sampling rather than a census, and a search of federal court records found cases it never logged, so treat 26 as a floor. Most of the 26 voted under a stolen or forged identity that said they were a citizen, which means voter ID and citizenship checks would not have caught them either.

See all 26 →

When a state checked every name

Georgia checked all 8.2 million registered voters and found 20 noncitizens. Only 9 of those had voted, most before 2012.

Georgia's 8.2 million voters, one dot per thousand

The faint red dot is the 20 noncitizens, and even it is 50 times too big. Count all 156 unresolved cases too, and it is still more than 5 times too big.

Source: Georgia Recorder · AP · Republican SOS

Michigan, Utah and more →

Counting every kind of case

Every noncitizen case since 2000, registered or voted, here legally or not, charged or only flagged: 4,869 at most.

Noncitizen cases, by source4,869 at most

Texas 2,180

Biggest piece: Texas, mostly flags. A ceiling, not a count: registrations, flags and people here legally are all in it, and overlaps aren't removed.

Source: every state report and case file, listed below

Every piece, every count →

The most extreme comparison

Count all 4,869 as votes in one election, convicted or not. They still couldn't flip the closest state of 2020.

Votes, drawn to scale

11,779 Georgia's 2020 margin

4,869 every case, counted as votes

26 proven, here illegally

Georgia was the closest state in the 2020 presidential race. Take all 4,869 away from the winner and it still goes the same way, by 6,910 votes.

Closer statewide races since 2000? In each one, that state's own noncitizen count, every year combined, is smaller than its margin.

Source: Federal Election Commission

Close and local races →

Three different things get called “noncitizen voting”

This page keeps them apart, with the same mark everywhere. Only the third is what the claim is about, and only the third is in the 26.

Kind 1

Noncitizen, registered but never voted

Gets on the rolls, often by mistake at a motor vehicle office, and never casts a ballot. Registering can be a crime of its own. It isn't a vote.

Example · Ohio and New Jersey

Most of the 1,084 noncitizens Ohio referred in 2025, and most of the 6,600 New Jersey registered by mistake, never voted. Both are answered in full below.

Not a vote · not counted

Kind 2

Noncitizen here legally, and voted

Green card holders and others with legal status. Federal law bars any noncitizen from voting for federal office, so it's illegal. Some say they were told they could.

Example · this fall's federal charges

88 of 105 here legally

people named in the Justice Department's election-crime releases had green cards or another legal status. Release by release

Illegal, but not the claim · not counted

Kind 3

Noncitizen here illegally, and voted

No legal status: crossed illegally, overstayed a visa, lived under someone else's identity, or had been ordered removed. Most voted under a stolen or bought identity, which voter-roll checks can't see.

The count

26 since 2000

each proven by a guilty plea, a conviction or a court's finding, with a court record showing no legal status. Every case

This is the count

Every noncitizen this page found proven to have voted since 2000, by immigration status

26 of 115

were here illegally. People who only registered aren't in this bar.

  • 26 here illegally: the count
  • 60 here legally
  • 29 status never established

Source: this page's check of Heritage's file and federal court records, October 2026. Not a census.

Why most noncitizens caught voting are here legally

They are on the rolls under their own names. States now check voter lists against immigration records, and the citizenship application asks whether the applicant has ever registered or voted, so many cases start with the person's own answer. Most of the 26 people here illegally voted under someone else's identity instead, which no roll check sees. They turned up through passport and identity-theft cases.

Many were told they could. A Florida green card holder told immigration officers in 2004 that a woman who came to her house “told us that as permanent residents we [are] now entitled to vote.” A green card holder in Tallahassee testified that he “thought I was a citizen after being here for -- after five years”; the jury didn't believe him. Sentencing a woman who had overstayed a visa, a federal judge said the case was about people who “go to try to better themselves at a school and are talked into registering to vote.”

People here illegally have more to lose. A registration puts a name on a list that can be checked against immigration records, and a vote can end in deportation. Kimani, Chernosky and El-Abaidy were each ordered removed in cases where an immigration court found, or they admitted, that they had voted.

These are patterns in the cases that turned up, not proof of why anyone voted. The stolen-identity cases are the hardest to find, which is why the count is a floor.

Who gets charged, release by release
  • 5 of 16September 18: 10 green cards, 1 with no status given
  • 3 of 12September 24 and 28: 7 green cards, 1 on Temporary Protected Status, and a postal carrier charged with throwing away ballots
  • 0 of 10September 30, Minnesota: all green cards
  • 0 of 6October 5, new names: all green cards
  • 1 of 16October 12: 11 green cards, a visa overstay who had applied for one, a naturalized citizen accused of voting before she became one, and two people accused of voting twice or casting a dead spouse's ballot
  • 1 of 16October 16: 15 green cards
  • 0 of 28October 19, California: “All 28 foreign nationals charged are lawful permanent residents”
  • 1 of 1October 19, New Jersey: a guilty plea; the national and district releases disagree on her status

Those are the Justice Department's descriptions in press releases, not court findings, and most are charges, not convictions. That's why the count needs a plea, a verdict or a court's finding. Citizens can vote illegally too, by voting twice or in someone else's name, but that's a different claim. And noncitizens can vote legally in some local races: Washington, D.C., and some towns in California, Maryland and Vermont let them vote for offices like mayor, city council or school board.

Other counts by status

13 of 62

federal convictions with a known immigration status, over thirty years, were people here illegally; 49 held green cards. Of 129 people charged, 73 were convicted or pleaded guilty. Reuters

8 of 41

noncitizens charged in 2026 were here illegally; at least 23 had green cards, and the rest are unclear. Votebeat

0 of 5

people charged by Michigan's attorney general in August 2026 were here illegally; 4 are here legally, and the fifth, who lives in the UK, voted by overseas ballot with no status given.

Not counted, either way: anyone only charged, and anyone whose vote or status the record doesn't prove. The 23 who came closest are listed with the reason, under Not counted.

Every count, strictest to loosest

Four ways to count, from the narrowest rule to the loosest.

Count Who's in it What it takes Drawn to scale, 0 to 5,000 One case for every … ballots
26 Kind 3 only: here illegally, and voted Both tests in Who's in the 26 58 million
55 The 26Plus 29 who voted, status never established The same proof of a vote 28 million
395 All three kindsevery noncitizen charged or on record, here legally or not; not all proven A charge or a case file: Heritage, Reuters, Votebeat, this fall's charges 3.8 million
4,869 All three kinds, plus flagsadds everyone a state flagged; many are registrations, not votes A state's flag is enough, and overlaps aren't removed. A ceiling. 312,000
What's in the 4,869, by source4,869 at most
Texas 2,180 GA charged NJ OH PA FL 16 more
  1. 2,180 Texas: 1,930 potential noncitizens removed from the rolls since 2021 who have a voting history, 150 referred for potential noncitizen voting, and 100 votes a 2018 survey found. The 1,930 are flags, not findings.
  2. 432 Georgia: potential noncitizens who had voted at some point since 1996, in a September 2026 check of the rolls
  3. 395 charged or on record: Heritage's file (109), the 17 the Justice Department says it convicted since 2025, the 129 federal prosecutions Reuters counted, the 41 cases Votebeat reviewed, and the 99 noncitizens in this fall's releases. Many appear more than once.
  4. ~340 New Jersey: registered by a state software error, and went on to vote
  5. 293 Ohio: 167 found in 2025 and 126 from 2013 to 2017
  6. 248 Pennsylvania: people who told the state they weren't citizens and had voted at least once, casting about 544 ballots from 2000 to 2017
  7. 198 Florida: likely noncitizens who registered, voted or both, in the state's January 2026 report
  8. 783 16 more state checks, each below
The 783, state by state, and what's left out
  • 155Colorado: potential noncitizen voters, all with green cards, referred to prosecutors in 2013
  • 112Iowa: 77 actionable cases its investigators found in 2014, and 35 noncitizens whose 2024 ballots counted
  • 102North Carolina: 41 noncitizens, all here legally, who admitted voting in 2016, plus 61 who didn't answer the state's letter
  • 91Michigan: 15 apparent noncitizen voters in the 2024 check, 22 more cases sent to its attorney general this year, and 54 a 2012 sample found
  • 83Louisiana: voters removed as noncitizens who had voted, over decades
  • 42Tennessee: potential noncitizens who voted, referred to the FBI
  • 36Idaho: likely noncitizens on the rolls
  • 25Alabama: referred as having voted
  • 23Montana: voter records confirmed as noncitizens
  • 22Utah: confirmed and probable noncitizens who voted, 2018 to 2024
  • 21Indiana: noncitizens who cast ballots in recent elections (preliminary)
  • 21Nevada: noncitizen voters from one 2016 list
  • 19New Mexico: registrants flagged by foreign-national credentials who had voted (2011)
  • 12Illinois: self-reported noncitizens who voted in 2018 and 2019
  • 11Kansas: stipulated noncitizens who voted since 1999
  • 8Maricopa County, Arizona: verified noncitizen voters, all here legally, 2012 to 2025

Left out. The Justice Department's “70 charged,” because it includes citizens; noncitizens who registered but never voted, such as most of Ohio's 1,084; and Kentucky's reported 159, which rests on a lawmaker's reading of a state spreadsheet that hasn't been published. Virginia has no official count of noncitizens who voted, and Texas's 2019 list of 58,000 was replaced after a lawsuit.

Heritage's whole file. The Heritage Foundation's database holds 1,619 election offenses of every kind. It files 100 of them as noncitizen cases, covering people of any immigration status, and 9 more involve a noncitizen but are filed under other categories. Even if all 109 had voted in a single presidential election, it would be about one vote in a million: the vote for president ranged from 105 million in 2000 to 158 million in 2020.

When states checked their rolls

Each compared its whole voter list against citizenship records. Five of the six were run by Republicans.

State Run by What was checked Noncitizens on the rollsany status, legal or not Of them, votedstatus not given Source
Georgia, 2024 Republican SOS All 8.2 million registered voters 20about one in 400,000 9ever, mostly before 2012; none in the 2024 general, as of the announcement Georgia Recorder, AP
Michigan, 2024 Democratic SOS 7.9 million driving records against 7.2 million voters — not reported 15of 5.7 million+ ballots in the 2024 general; under one in 380,000 Michigan Department of State
Utah, 2026 Republican Lt. Gov. All 2,069,640 active and inactive voter records 27confirmed, about one in 77,000; 25 more probable; 5,007 couldn't be confirmed either way — not reported Utah Lieutenant Governor
Idaho, 2024 Republican SOS More than 1 million registrations 36“very likely” noncitizens some, count not given Idaho Capital Sun
Montana Republican SOS 784,911 voters, against federal immigration records 23records confirmed as noncitizens nearly 150ballots cast with those records Montana Secretary of State
Louisiana, 2026 Republican SOS About 2.9 million registered voters 403removed as noncitizens 83had voted, over decades Secretary of State, The Advocate

What a roll check can't see: someone voting under a stolen citizen's identity. Most of the 26 came to light that way, through passport and identity-theft charges.

More on each check, and the citizens these checks flag

Georgia. Brad Raffensperger audited the full roll in October 2024, calling it “the most comprehensive citizenship check ever conducted in Georgia.” Most of the 9 who had voted did so before Georgia tightened verification in 2012. His conclusion: “Georgia is a model when it comes to preventing noncitizen voting.” Another 156 were still under investigation when the results came out.

Michigan. The state compared citizenship data in 7.9 million active driving records against 7.2 million registered voters; 13 of the 15 were referred to the attorney general at the time.

Utah. Deidre Henderson's office began reviewing every voter record in April 2025. Its conclusion: “99.72% of Utah's registered voters are verifiably U.S. citizens.”

When states check, citizens get flagged too

Alabama, August 2024. The state flagged 3,251 registered voters as possible noncitizens and made them inactive, on a path to removal. A federal judge halted the program because it began inside the 90-day window before a federal election, and the secretary of state later admitted the list “included thousands of United States citizens (in addition to far fewer noncitizens).”

14 of 84 flagged voters in Denton County, Texas, proved they were citizens

  • 14 citizens
  • 14 noncitizens registered by mistake, none voted
  • 56 cancelled, no answer

Another 14 were noncitizens officials had registered by mistake; none had voted. The other 56 were cancelled because no answer came back, at least one of them a citizen who didn't get to the county office in time. NPR, December 2025

St. Louis County, Missouri. About 35% of about 690 people the federal SAVE tool flagged had registered to vote at their naturalization ceremonies, according to the county's Republican election director. The New York Times, January 2026

In June 2026 a federal court ruled that the changes making SAVE available for voter list maintenance were unlawful. On September 25 the Supreme Court paused that ruling, saying it would likely reverse it, so the expanded SAVE system can be used ahead of the November election.

The closest statewide races

Every statewide federal race since 2000 decided by fewer votes than the loosest count, 4,869.

Race Margin Drawn to scale, 0 to 4,869 Noncitizen votes on record
Minnesota, U.S. Senate, 2008 312 None
New Mexico, president, 2000 366 None
South Dakota, U.S. Senate, 2002 524 None
Florida, president, 2000 537 13 proven, and one of them is in the 26. Ten were convicted in Heritage's file, nine of them green card holders; outside it, a man whose status was never stated and a green card holder who admitted it.
New Hampshire, U.S. Senate, 2016 1,017 None
Washington, U.S. Senate, 2000 2,229 None
New Hampshire, president, 2016 2,736 None
North Dakota, U.S. Senate, 2012 2,881 None
Montana, U.S. Senate, 2006 3,562 None
Missouri, president, 2008 3,903 None
Alaska, U.S. Senate, 2008 3,953 None
Iowa, president, 2000 4,144 None
South Dakota, U.S. Senate, 2004 4,508 None

In every one of these states, all of this page's noncitizen counts for the state, every year combined, add up to less than the margin.

Source: Federal Election Commission, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2012 and 2016; the Minnesota Supreme Court (312 after a court contest; the state's first certification was 225). Cases: Heritage's database · conservative source

Why this comparison overstates it, and what it can't see

Every bar here and in the four numbers assumes the worst: that each case was a vote, that all of them landed in one state in one election, and that all went to the same candidate. In fact the 26 are scattered across 14 states and 24 years of elections, and no state ever had more than 3 of them in the same election. Georgia's 432 are potential noncitizens flagged through a federal database, some of whom last voted in the 1990s, and its 2024 audit confirmed 20 noncitizens, most of whom had never voted.

It can't see two things. The audit checked the roll as it stood in 2024, so someone who voted in 2020 and has since left the roll isn't in it. And no roll check catches a person voting under a stolen citizen's identity; those cases surface through identity-theft and passport charges, like most of the 26.

House seats have been closer still: Iowa's 2nd district in 2020 was decided by 6 votes. Heritage's file has three noncitizen cases from Iowa, dated 2011 and 2014; none concerns that election. Small local races are different. A handful of votes can decide them, and it has happened.

What was said, and what the record shows

Oldest first. The middle column quotes the claim; the next is the record. This fall's charges, release by release, are under the three kinds.

When Who The claim What the record shows Source
Nov 2016 – Jan 2017 President Trump “Millions” voted illegally; then 3 to 5 million illegal votes cost him the 2016 popular vote 9 people here illegally are proven to have voted in 2016 PolitiFact, Fox News
May 2017 The White House Creates a commission on election integrity It was shut down in January 2018. Order, closing order
May 2024 Speaker Johnson “We all know, intuitively, that a lot of illegals are voting in federal elections.” 4 are proven to have voted in 2024 so far. He added: “it's not been something that is easily provable.” NewsNation
Sept 2024 America First Legal It sued every Arizona county “to remove illegals from their voter rolls”; Elon Musk reposted it Arizona's largest county later counted 8 noncitizens who had voted from 2012 to 2025, all here legally Axios, KJZZ
Mar 2025 An executive order Calls for proof of citizenship to register and federal checks of state voter rolls The checks run through DHS's SAVE tool, which flags citizens too; a court ruled its new use unlawful, and the Supreme Court paused that ruling. Executive order
Feb 2026 Speaker Johnson “They want illegals to vote.” No number given. Democracy Docket
Jul 2026 President Trump 250,000 noncitizens are registered in four states DHS's letters said “as many as.” Of 185 Nevada records DHS said it confirmed by hand, the state says all are citizens. DHS calls that false. Votebeat, Nevada's letter, NYT
Jul 2026 New Jersey The state registered 6,600 noncitizens True, by its own software error. Answered in full below Governor's statement
Sept 8, 2026 Justice Department Tells prosecutors to make noncitizen voting cases a priority The charges since: release by release, most against green card holders. Bloomberg Government
Sept 30, 2026 DHS Secretary Mullin 1,600 cases, and 300,000 more “that we're getting to” Leads, not findings. Answered in full below AP via MinnPost
Sept 30, 2026 Attorney General Blanche 90 people charged with election crimes since 2025 Those include citizens. Of the noncitizen cases Votebeat reviewed, at least 23 of 41 had green cards and 8 were here illegally. CBS News, AP, Votebeat
Sept 30, 2026 Justice Department Ten noncitizens charged with voting in Minnesota All ten have green cards. Answered in full below Justice Department
Oct 1, 2026 A federal judge in Florida Rules the federal law against noncitizen voting unconstitutional In one case: the judge dismissed a misdemeanor charge, ruling the law unconstitutional “as applied” to her. The order says Florida “can and does” punish the same act, and the Justice Department appealed the next day. Court order
Oct 15, 2026 Justice Department “More than 20,000” likely noncitizens are registered in California A lawsuit, not a finding; DHS calls its analysis “preliminary.” The first 28 people charged from the list all hold green cards. Lawsuit, charges
Oct 19, 2026 Justice Department A New Jersey woman, called “an illegal alien,” admits voting Not counted: the national release and the prosecutor's own disagree on her status. The reason Justice Department

Finding them has so far meant 1,600 federal investigations, 160 arrests and 70 charges, mostly against green card holders, plus voter lists that flagged thousands of citizens. That is a lot of time and money for a problem this small.

Year by year: every proven vote by someone here illegally
Election Ballots cast Proven to have voted, here illegally
2000 107 million 1 Usama Mohamed El-Abaidy
2002 80 million 1 Usama Mohamed El-Abaidy
2004 124 million 3 Anthony Kimani, Christine Chernosky, Carolyn Marin-Coleman
2006 86 million none proven
2008 133 million 2 Ricardo Lopez-Munguia, Yarylin Solano Alvarado
2010 91 million none proven
2012 130 million 7 Abel Hernandez-Labra, Fredericus Slicher, Kevin Kunlay Williams, Miguel Valencia-Sandoval, Leonardo Lleras-Rodriguez, Gustavo Araujo Lerma, Yarylin Solano Alvarado
2014 83 million 2 Miguel Valencia-Sandoval, Gustavo Araujo Lerma
2016 139 million 9 Kevin Kunlay Williams, Miguel Valencia-Sandoval, Laura Janeth Garza, Ramon Esteban Paez-Jerez, Gustavo Araujo Lerma, Angelica Maria Francisco, Enrique Salazar Ortiz, Carlos Abreu, Michael Ralph Rigby
2018 119 million 1 Gabriel Covarrubias
2020 160 million 4 Angelica Maria Francisco, Roberto Figueredo, Jose Gargenis Vasquez-Rosa, Carlos Felipe Jaramillo-Grajales
2022 112 million 3 Carlos Abreu, Michael Ralph Rigby, Roberto Figueredo
2024 157 million 4 Lina Maria Orovio-Hernandez, Eliseo Morales-Tapia, Gabriel Covarrubias, Jacqueline Dianne Wallace

Someone who voted in three elections appears three times. One of the 26 admitted voting from about 2004 on without naming an election, so he has no row.

The 26, case by case

Each one meets both tests in Who's in the 26. The 23 that came closest and don't are under Not counted, each with the reason.

Counted: 26

Name State Voted in Test 1 · here illegally because Test 2 · the vote is proven by Source
Anthony KimaniHeritage's file Illinois 2004 Overstayed a visitor visa His concession in court, upheld on appeal"Kimani concedes that he voted in the 2004 general election."Federal appeals court opinion Appeals court opinion
Ricardo Lopez-MunguiaHeritage's file California 2008 Deported, came back under a citizen's identity Guilty plea"Lopez-Munguia unlawfully used his assumed identity to vote in the Presidential Election in 2008."US Attorney, on his guilty plea US Attorney
Abel Hernandez-LabraHeritage's file Iowa 2012 “No legal status,” his plea says Signed plea agreement"Defendant also requested and obtained an absentee ballot which was cast in the Federal, State, and local election on November 6, 2012."Plea agreement Plea agreement
Fredericus SlicherHeritage's file Maryland 30 years, to 2012 “An illegal alien,” his signed statement says Signed statement of facts"SLICHER has also voted in numerous federal elections over a period of more than 30 years, including the most recent presidential election in 2012"Signed statement of facts Statement of facts
Kevin Kunlay WilliamsHeritage's file Missouri 2012, 2016 Deported, came back Guilty plea filings"…by falsely claiming that he was a U.S. citizen and voted in the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections."Justice Department, citing court filings Justice Department
Miguel Valencia-SandovalHeritage's file Illinois 2012 to 2016 Voted under a bought identity Pleaded guilty to voting as an alien"…by falsely voting as Ramiro Vasquez, a citizen of the United States"The counts he pleaded guilty to Judgment
Leonardo Lleras-RodriguezHeritage's file Missouri 2010 to 2014 Ordered deported Guilty plea"By pleading guilty today, Lleras-Rodriguez admitted that he cast a fraudulent ballot in six elections from 2010 through 2014 … including the presidential election on Nov. 6, 2012."US Attorney, on his guilty plea US Attorney
Laura Janeth GarzaHeritage's file Texas 2016 Lived under her cousin's identity Convicted of illegal votingGuilty of illegal voting, a second-degree felony; offense date November 3, 2016.Texas district court judgment Judgment
Ramon Esteban Paez-JerezHeritage's file North Carolina 2016 Entered without inspection; ordered deported Pleaded guilty to voting as an alienAdjudicated guilty of "18 U.S.C. §611(a) Voting by an Alien," offense ended 11/8/2016.Federal judgment Judgment
Christine ChernoskyHeritage's file Minnesota 2004 Overstayed a visitor visa Immigration judge's finding, upheld on appeal"Chernosky then voted in the 2004 election."Federal appeals court opinion Appeals court opinion
Gustavo Araujo LermaHeritage's file California 2012 to 2016 Voted under a stolen identity Jury verdict and his own testimony"Yes, sir. I voted."His own trial testimony Trial transcript
Angelica Maria FranciscoHeritage's file Alabama 2016, 2020 No legal immigration status, her plea says Signed plea agreement"FRANCISCO voted in the State of Alabama's 2016 primary election … 2016 general election … 2020 primary runoff election … and 2020 general election"Plea agreement Plea agreement
Carolyn Marin-Coleman Florida 2000 to 2004 Entered without inspection in 1989 Signed statement of facts"…on or about March 9, 2004, MARIN-COLEMAN voted in the national primary presidential election in Leon County, Florida."Signed statement of facts Statement of facts
Usama Mohamed El-Abaidy Florida 2000, 2002 Overstayed; admitted it in immigration court His admission, upheld on appeal"…in November 2002, El-Abaidy voted in the general election in Broward County, just as he had in 2000."Federal appeals court opinion Appeals court opinion
Yarylin Solano Alvarado Florida 2008, 2012 Ordered removed in 2006; used another woman's identity Signed plea agreement"…in fact did vote using the Y.C.R. identity in both the 2008 and 2012 general elections for a presidential candidate."Plea agreement Plea agreement
Enrique Salazar Ortiz Texas 2016 Deported in 1976; lived as a Texas-born man Pleaded guilty to voting as an alienAdjudicated guilty of "18 U.S.C. § 611 Unlawful Voting by an Alien," offense ended 11/08/2016.Federal judgment Judgment
Roberto Adrian Manzano Washington from about 2004 No legal status, a detention order found Plea agreement admits voting from about 2004"Manzano admitted in his plea agreement that he used the false identity to unlawfully vote in state and national elections since approximately 2004."US Attorney, on his guilty plea US Attorney
Carlos Abreu Florida 2016, 2022 Never had legal status, his proffer says Signed factual proffer"On or around November 8, 2016, he voted in Florida in the 2016 federal general elections under the name C.R.V."Signed factual proffer Factual proffer
Michael Ralph Rigby Florida 2012 to 2022 Overstayed a visitor visa from 1984 Signed factual proffer"Certified voting records reflect that the Defendant's ballot was accepted and tabulated on or about August 23, 2022."Signed factual proffer Factual proffer
Roberto Figueredo Florida 2020, 2022 Lost his green card; ordered removed in 2011 Signed factual proffer"The Defendant knowingly and willfully cast ballots in the following three elections: the 2020 General Election, the 2022 Primary Election, and the 2022 General Election."Signed factual proffer Factual proffer
Jose Gargenis Vasquez-Rosa Michigan 2020 Unlawfully present, his plea says Pleaded guilty to voting as an alienAdjudicated guilty of "18 U.S.C. § 611 Voting By Aliens"Federal judgment Judgment
Lina Maria Orovio-Hernandez Massachusetts 2024 Without lawful status, prosecutors say Jury conviction"…she voted for a candidate for President"Stipulation in the government's trial brief Trial brief
Eliseo Morales-Tapia Texas 2024 No legal status, his factual resume says Signed factual resume"On or about November 5, 2024 … using the identity of Individual A, voted in the general and special elections held in Tarrant County."Signed factual resume Factual resume
Gabriel Covarrubias Georgia 2018, 2024 Entered illegally, then bought identity papers Signed plea agreement"On November 6, 2018 and November 5, 2024, COVARRUBIAS voted in Lawrenceville, Georgia … using the M.A.E.S. identity."Signed plea agreement Plea agreement
Jacqueline Dianne Wallace Florida 2024 Overstayed a tourist visa that expired in 2011 Signed statement of facts"…her vote in the Presidential Primary election was registered and cast on August 20, 2024."Signed statement of facts Statement of facts
Carlos Felipe Jaramillo-Grajales Florida several, including 2020 Entered without being admitted; lived as a citizen Plea agreement admits the votes"…he subsequently voted in several elections, including the election held in Duval County on November 3, 2020."US Attorney, on his plea agreement US Attorney

Not counted: 23

Voted, but the record doesn't show they were here illegally · 12

Name State Voted in Why it's not counted Source
"John Doe" Maryland 2016 voted · status unknown. voted in 2016 under a stolen identity, but prosecutors never learned who he is or where he is from. Court record
Alford Nelson Florida 2022 voted · status unclear. convicted of voting while unqualified, but Florida's own release calls him both "an illegal alien" and a lawful permanent resident since 1977. Florida police
Gaye Tyndale-Simpson New Jersey 2024 voted · status unclear. pleaded guilty to voting as an alien in 2024. The Justice Department's national release calls her "an illegal alien," but the prosecutor's own says only that she "immigrated to the United States from Jamaica." US Attorney
Michael Nana Baako Maryland ten elections, to 2018 voted · status unknown. his signed plea lists ten elections he voted in, through 2018, and he got a U.S. passport by claiming he was born in North Carolina. No court record says he had no legal status, and false papers in his own name don't settle it. Court record
Rochelle Deborah Johnson Florida 2020 pleaded · status unknown. pleaded guilty to voting as an alien in 2020, and to getting a passport by claiming she was born in Florida. Nothing in the record says she lacked legal status. Court record
Ashley R. Rivers Florida 2020, 2024 voted · status unknown. admitted voting in 2020 and 2024 under a false name, but the record never says how he came here or whether he had legal status. Court record
Alma Ilzet Mar Escalante North Carolina 2016 voted · deferred action. convicted of voting as an alien in 2016, five months after she was granted deferred action. Nothing says how she entered, and deferred action doesn't settle it either way. Court record
James Ross Wightman Florida 2022 to 2024 voted · police word only. pleaded guilty in state court to voting six times. The state police call him an illegal alien; the prosecutor said only that he had left the country while facing deportation. Florida police
Jerry St. Clair O'Neil Florida 2000 voted · status unknown. pleaded guilty to voting as an alien in the 2000 presidential election. In 1996 he was arrested for passport fraud and a false claim of citizenship, and immigration officials began deportation proceedings, but the record never says how they ended or what his status was when he voted. Court record
Jean Bastien Florida 2006 voted · agent's word only. pleaded guilty to voting as an alien in 2006. An immigration agent's sworn affidavit says judges had ordered him removed in 1994, but the prosecutor's indictment calls him only "a citizen of Haiti and therefore an alien." Court record
David Muyumba Muhemedy North Carolina 2004 voted · agent's word only. pleaded guilty to voting as an alien in 2004. An immigration agent's sworn affidavit says he overstayed a visitor visa and was ordered deported in 1995, but his plea agreement says only that he was "an alien and a citizen and national of the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Court record
Gregg Kirk Chase Michigan 2012, 2014 voted · green card by fraud. admitted voting in 2012 and 2014. He had been deported after a 1976 felony and "illegally returned," but when he voted he held a green card, which the government says it "improvidently granted" on his false statements. This page treats any green card as legal status. Court record

No proof that they voted · 11

Name State Why it's not counted Source
Alvaro Jimenez-Aguilar Alaska registered only. registered under a dead nephew's name and was convicted of falsely claiming citizenship. No source says he voted. US Attorney
Mario Obdulio Orellana Texas vote charge dropped. the voting charge was dismissed; he was convicted only of passport fraud. Court record
Teresa Martin Pascual Alabama pleaded to another crime. the identity-theft charges were dismissed; she pleaded guilty only to obstruction with a false identity. Court record, via Heritage
Hortencia Segura-Munoz Nevada registration plea. pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor conspiracy over voter registration, not to voting. Las Vegas Review-Journal
Venustiano Hernandez-Hernandez Alabama never charged with voting. never charged with voting; he pleaded guilty to Social Security fraud. Court docket
Maria Azada Illinois outcome unknown. arrested in 2011; no record of how the case ended could be found. ICE
Jose Maria Hernandez Bautista Virginia vote only in memos. had no lawful status, but his signed plea admits only that he registered. The votes appear only in sentencing memos. Court record
Gabriela Guzman-Miguel North Carolina diversion, no admission. entered illegally, but her voting charge ended in pretrial diversion, which admits nothing. Court record
Juan Arturo Martinez Florida passport plea only. unlawfully present, but convicted only of passport fraud. The prosecutor's sentencing release says he voted; no plea or finding does. US Attorney
Aida Magana Ballesteros Arizona vote charges dropped. pleaded guilty to registering with a false citizenship claim; the voting charges were dismissed. Court record
Denis Bouchard North Carolina registration claims only. pleaded guilty to falsely claiming citizenship on registration forms; the ballot charges were dismissed, and his status was never stated. Court record

Also not counted: Heritage records a 2004 county commission race in Atkinson County, Georgia, in which, investigators said, a man helped a handful of people here illegally vote by absentee ballot. The State Election Board fined him $80,000 in 2007.

Objections, answered

The strongest points against this page, granted first where they're right.

Ohio

Ohio referred 1,084 noncitizens to the Justice Department.

True. Most registered but never voted.

167 of 1,084

  • appear to have voted, 2018 to 2024; status not given
  • registered, but don't appear to have voted

Ohio has more than 8 million registered voters.

Source: Ohio Secretary of State, October 2025 Republican SOS

The full answer

How it happens: noncitizens can get an Ohio driver's license, and at the counter they are offered voter registration they are not eligible for, Statehouse News Bureau reported. Frank LaRose's office mails warning letters first, and he says some recipients have come to his office to say it was a mistake.

New Jersey

New Jersey registered 6,600 noncitizens in 2023 and 2024.

True, and it was the state's own mistake.

~340 of 6,600

went on to vote. Even if all of them voted in 2024, that is under 0.01% of the state's ballots.

Source: Governor's statement, July 2026; update, August 2026; WHYY

The full answer

A Motor Vehicle Commission software error registered them between June 2023 and June 2024, after they answered “no” when asked if they were citizens. The governor disclosed the error in July 2026.

Utah

Utah could not confirm citizenship for 5,007 people.

True. Unconfirmed is not the same as noncitizen.

About 2,000 of 5,007

are registrations more than twenty years old, made before Utah collected license or Social Security numbers

1,393 of 5,007

list a birthplace outside the US, as naturalized citizens do

Source: Utah Lieutenant Governor, May 2026 Republican Lt. Gov.

The full answer

Each of the 5,007 has been told to show proof of citizenship or get a ballot for federal races only. Separately, among all 2,069,640 records, Utah found 27 confirmed noncitizens, since removed, and 25 probable ones, given time to prove citizenship. Flagging them is the system working.

This fall's charges

Federal prosecutors charged 10 noncitizens with voting in Minnesota this fall.

True. All of them have green cards.

0 of 10

people charged in Minnesota were here illegally. All hold green cards.

Source: The administration's own release, September 2026

The full answer

Nine are charged with voting and none is convicted yet; 7 are accused of voting in 2024, when 3,272,414 Minnesotans voted. The people this fall's cases describe as here illegally are real, including a DACA recipient in Georgia accused of voting nine times. If they are convicted, the 26 goes up. But even with prosecutors told to make these cases a priority, the charges number in the dozens, mostly green card holders.

DHS

DHS says it has 1,600 voter fraud cases, and 300,000 more to come.

Those are leads, not findings, and DHS's own officials say so under oath.

1,600 of 301,600 are open investigations

160 of 1,600 led to arrests, many for related offenses

Separately, the Justice Department's own tallies for the same period, which don't say how many came from DHS's cases: 70 charged, citizens among them; 17 noncitizens convicted of voting-related offenses this term, per Justice Department figures with no status given; and 9 convictions this term of people here illegally, each in the 26.

Source: AP via PBS and MinnPost, September 2026; The Daily Signal Heritage outlet

The full answer

At this fall's pace, about two dozen people a week in the Justice Department's releases, citizens and green card holders included, getting through 300,000 would take about 240 years. At the pace of people described as here illegally, it would take more than 2,300. The last large DHS number tested in public was Nevada's “as many as” 15,903; it came down to 185 voter records, and Nevada says all of them belong to citizens.

DHS's other count, from April: SAVE, its citizenship check, flagged more than 24,000 possible noncitizens on voter rolls from 60 million queries and sent them on for investigation. In September a USCIS official told a federal court that SAVE's flags were “only a small portion” of its leads. In October that court's judge, appointed by President Biden, found the data behind DHS's target lists “voluminous and unreliable,” with reviewers given no more than twelve minutes to clear a name, and noted that no federal database holds citizenship status. She did not find it unlawful for officials to investigate illegal voting.

Only the ones caught?

Isn't 26 just the ones who got caught? Nobody being prosecuted doesn't mean it isn't happening.

Fair, which is why 26 is a floor, and why states now check the whole roll.

When they do, they find dozens, not thousands: every whole-roll check on this page is in the loosest count. Stephen Richer, the Republican former Maricopa County Recorder, makes the same point in a New York Times essay (reprinted by Cato): “Just because something isn't prosecuted doesn't mean it doesn't happen.” The numbers keep coming back small, though not every official reads them that way. Louisiana's secretary of state now calls hers “proof of a problem.”

An agenda?

These audits are run by people with an agenda.

Yes, and mostly a Republican one.

Georgia's audit was run by Brad Raffensperger, Utah's by Deidre Henderson, Ohio's by Frank LaRose. All Republicans. Heritage, whose database supplies 12 of the 26, is a conservative institution. Their numbers point the same way.

Local races

A few illegal votes can swing a close local race.

True, and it has happened.

  • 2001Compton, California: a judge found a city council winner had helped noncitizens register and vote, and removed her from office. An appeals court upheld the removal and ordered a new election.
  • 624noncitizen ballots a House committee found in a 1996 Orange County congressional race. The result stood.

Source: The Heritage Foundation's election fraud database Conservative source

The full answer

Both cases are in Heritage's database, and Heritage's own site says fraud has altered the outcome of close elections. That is the real risk: not national results, but small races decided by a handful of votes.

Start here: six places to check it yourself

Every number above links to its source where it appears. These are the best places to start.

  1. The Heritage Foundation's election fraud database. Set the fraud sub-category to “Alien” to see the cases it files as noncitizen voting. Conservative.
  2. Stephen Richer, in The New York Times. Reprinted by Cato. Republican former Maricopa County Recorder.
  3. Reuters' investigation. Federal noncitizen voting prosecutions, July 2026.
  4. CEIR's claims tracker. Every state, every claim, and the revised numbers after investigation.
  5. American Immigration Council's reading of Heritage's data. August 2026. Pro-immigration.
  6. Brennan Center, Noncitizen Voting is Vanishingly Rare. Progressive-leaning.